These are past tense verbs/past participles created from base words that end in a ‘t’ or ‘d’, plus the suffix ‘ed’, which in these words is pronounced as a syllable.
When a base word ends with a ‘short’ vowel then one consonant letter, we double the last consonant before adding suffixes starting with vowels. This maintains the “short” vowel sound: a as in batted (not bated), e as in wedded (not weded), i as in fitted (not fited), o as in jotted (not joted), u as in gutted (not guted).
| Base word ends with 2-3 consonant letters | Double last consonant of base word before adding ed | Double last consonant of longer/more complex base word before adding ed |
| acted banded belted bolded bolted bonded dented ducted felted fended folded funded gelded gilded handed hinted hunted jilted jolted kilted landed lilted melded melted mended minted panted pelted ponded punted ranted rented sanded silted tended tilted tinted vended vented welded wended wilted winded | batted bedded budded butted dotted fitted gadded gutted hatted hotted jetted jotted jutted kidded kitted lidded matted netted nodded nutted padded patted petted pitted podded potted putted ratted rotted rutted tutted vetted wedded wetted witted | blended blinded blonded branded trended blunted chanted glinted granted grunted planted printed shunted slanted stinted stunted squinted splinted sprinted smelted quilted stilted scolded |
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